# 6-2 Analysis of $d$-ary heaps

A $d$-ary heap is like a binary heap, but (with one possible exception) non-leaf nodes have $d$ children instead of $2$ children.

a. How would you represent a $d$-ary heap in an array?

b. What is the height of a $d$-ary heap of $n$ elements in terms of $n$ and $d$?

c. Give an efficient implementation of $\text{EXTRACT-MAX}$ in a $d$-ary max-heap. Analyze its running time in terms of $d$ and $n$.

d. Give an efficient implementation of $\text{INSERT}$ in a $d$-ary max-heap. Analyze its running time in terms of $d$ and $n$.

e. Give an efficient implementation of $\text{INCREASE-KEY}(A, i, k)$, which flags an error if $k < A[i]$, but otherwise sets $A[i] = k$ and then updates the $d$-ary max-heap structure appropriately. Analyze its running time in terms of $d$ and $n$.

a. We can use those two following functions to retrieve parent of $i$-th element and $j$-th child of $i$-th element.

d-ARY-PARENT(i)
return floor((i - 2) / d + 1)

d-ARY-CHILD(i, j)
return d(i − 1) + j + 1


Obviously $1 \le j \le d$. You can verify those functions checking that

$$d\text{-ARY-PARENT}(d\text{-ARY-CHILD}(i, j)) = i.$$

Also easy to see is that binary heap is special type of $d$-ary heap where $d = 2$, if you substitute $d$ with $2$, then you will see that they match functions $\text{PARENT}$, $\text{LEFT}$ and $\text{RIGHT}$ mentioned in book.

b. Since each node has $d$ children, the height of a $d$-ary heap with $n$ nodes is $\Theta(\log_d n)$.

c. $d\text{-ARY-HEAP-EXTRACT-MAX}(A)$ consists of constant time operations, followed by a call to $d\text{-ARY-MAX-HEAPIFY}(A, i)$.

The number of times this recursively calls itself is bounded by the height of the $d$-ary heap, so the running time is $O(d\log_d n)$.

d-ARY-HEAP-EXTRACT-MAX(A)
if A.heap-size < 1
error "heap under flow"
max = A[1]
A[1] = A[A.heap-size]
A.heap-size = A.heap-size - 1
d-ARY-MAX-HEAPIFY(A, 1)
return max

d-ARY-MAX-HEAPIFY(A, i)
largest = i
for k = 1 to d
if d-ARY-CHILD(k, i) ≤ A.heap-size and A[d-ARY-CHILD(k, i)] > A[i]
if A[d-ARY-CHILD(k, i)] > largest
largest = A[d-ARY-CHILD(k, i)]
if largest != i
exchange A[i] with A[largest]
d-ARY-MAX-HEAPIFY(A, largest)


d. The runtime is $O(\log_d n)$ since the while loop runs at most as many times as the height of the $d$-ary array.

d-ARY-MAX-HEAP-INSERT(A, key)
A.heap-size = A.heap-size + 1
A[A.heap-size] = key
i = A.heap-size
while i > 1 and A[d-ARY-PARENT(i) < A[i]]
exchange A[i] with A[d-ARY-PARENT(i)]
i = d-ARY-PARENT(i)


e. The runtime is $O(\log_d n)$ since the while loop runs at most as many times as the height of the $d$-ary array.

d-ARY-INCREASE-KEY(A, i, key)
if key < A[i]
error "new key is smaller than current key"
A[i] = key
while i > 1 and A[d-ARY-PARENT(i) < A[i]]
exchange A[i] with A[d-ARY-PARENT(i)]
i = d-ARY-PARENT(i)